Final work:

Planning: (before starting work)

Before starting to do this work I needed to know what it  meant by ‘identity’ and what kind of things I could take photos of for it to be counted as ‘identity’. Once I’d have done that I needed to decide what I wanted to take photos of and how that would be catergrised as ‘identity’. After I had decided where to have the photoshoot I needed to decide  what to actually take pictures of whilst I’m there, to do this I googled different places to take photos down in Brighton. Before I went and took the photos though I had to do plan what settings to put my camera in to decide this I needed to research the settings on the camera I was using.  For me to be able to complete this unit I will need to have a clear idea of what I want to take pictures of and how I’m going to do it. I will also need to know how to use photoshop to edit the photos after I have taken them. To make sure I know how to use this properly I might need to google how to use the different settings on the programme then just test them out when I’m editing.

Research & Experimentation:

I will need to do some research to complete this unit. For example I will need to research information and how to use my camera properly and all of the different settings that are avaliable, also how to change the setting that are already set, for example the exposure. I will need to research the meaning of identity and what kind of things I could take for it to be counted as identity. Another thing I will need to research are photographers and how they influence me and the kind of work they have done. To do this I used qutoe a few different websites, some including:

Peterson, D. (2012). Understanding Focus. Available: http://www.digital-photo-secrets.com/tip/2210/understanding-focus/. Last accessed 3rd January 2019.

manualslib. (2018). Nikon COOLPIX P500 User Manual: Using Manual Focus. Available: https://www.manualslib.com/manual/327543/Nikon-Coolpix-P500.html?page=56. Last accessed 9th January 2019.

whiteknightpress. (2018). PHOTOGRAPHER’S GUIDE TO THE NIKON COOLPIX P500. Available: http://whiteknightpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Excerpt-from-Nikon-P500-Book.pdf. Last accessed 9th January 2019.

Cox, S. (2018). What is exposure?. Available: https://photographylife.com/what-is-exposure. Last accessed 4th January 2019.

The Art Story . (2019). Diane Arbus American Photographer. Available: https://www.theartstory.org/artist-arbus-diane.htm. Last accessed 9th January 2019.

Photo.com. (2018). Martin Parr. Available: https://www.all-about-photo.com/photographers/photographer/38/martin-parr. Last accessed 10th January 2019.

Crain, A. (2018). Lorna Simpson, American photographer. Available: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lorna-Simpson. Last accessed 17th January 2019

Production:

To do this I went to Brighton 2 times, I was only originally planning to only go once but the 1st time I went it was reallt cloudy and then it started to rain so the hptos I did get werent very good and didn’t look very effective. The 2nd time I went it was a really nice day and got all the pictures I wanted and they looked alot better than the 1st time. To make sure I don’t make this mistake again I will look at the weather before I get there to make sure it is good enought to take photos in.  To take the test shots I went around my town to test out the different settings on the camera, some of them came out really bright where you couldn’t tell what it was meant to be, then others came out really dark wheree you also couldn’t tell what it was.

Reflection:

Overall I am happy with the final product that I have made, I got all of the photos I wanted to get and edited them how I wanted to then put them all in a slideshow. One thing that I think I could improve is the edit of all the photos, I feel like I couldv’e done more to it and added more effects to make them more effective and stand out more. I also feel like I could’ve taken more photos from each of the locations so when I was chosing my final selection of pictures I had more to chose from and different kind of photos.

To edit the photos I opened the photos up in photoshop and changed the brightness, exposure and vibrance if I needed to. I didn’t change all of that to evrything as sometimes I thought that the pictures didn’t need to be changed or edited much so I left them as the original. I thensaved the edited copy as well as the original and once I had edited the photo I looked back to make sure I like how the edited one looked and prefered it from the origainal one.

Once I had finished editing all the photos I copied them on the ‘photos’ tab to create a slideshow which I could upload to YouTube for other people to watch. To do this I went onto the photos and selected the ones I wanted to use and pressed create slideshow and it did it automatically for me then I needed to chose some music to put in the background. Once I had all this I just had to press export and then upload it to YouTube so everyone can watch it.

For this final photography shoot I went to Brighton and took photos of things that a lot of people go down there to look at or see and what Brighton is best known for. To take the photos I used a nikon P500 camera and the lighting was sunny and bright so I used all the natural lighting for all of my photos. On here I am going to post all of the picture from different shoots at Brighton and then choose my favorite ones before I edit them and also my least favoite ones and explain why I dont like them.

The Old Pier

These photos are all the ones I took of the old pier that can be very effective in certain angles and light. I am going to choose the 3 best photos from these for my final photos and explain why I’m going to use those ones. I am also going to choose the 3 worst photos from these and explain why I’m not going to use them and why I don’t like them.

Worst 3: I personally think that these are the worst 3 photos within this category. I think this because they are either blurry and not very clear with the lines of the pier, wonky so it is at a weird angle and doesn’t look right, the exposure and shutter speed aren’t at the right settings so the picture is too bright or doesn’t have the right amount of light.

Best 3: I have chosen these photos because I fell like they best show the old pier, I also like how the natural lighting is and the way the sund is angled in each of the pictures. In the first and 3rd picture I like how the platform of the pier is lined up with the horizan of the sea. I have also chosen these pictures as I like how there are people in them all as it shows what people like to do when they are at Brighton and its sunny.

Graffiti

These are all of the photos I took of the graffiti down in Brighton. I’m going to choose the 3 best ones to use for the final collection and the 3 worst ones that I’m defiantly not going to use.

Worst 3: I dont like these because in the first one I feel like there is too much light and glar from the sun. Also because it isnt really in focus. I didnt chose the other 2 because it has the fences in and personally I think thst it ruins the effect of the graffiti itself. I also dont really like the angles the camera is at to get those photos.

Best 3: These are the best 3 photos within this catagry I think. This is because each photo shows the different type of graffiti people do in Brighton and the different kind of places they do it on. I also like the lighting in each of them and I feel like they show of the graffiti in Brighton well.

The Marina

This section is all of the photos I took of and around the marina. Here I used all of the natural lighting and changed some of the settings to get the right light and also had to find the right camera angle. I am going to choose the best 4 photos and the worst 3 and explain why I’m not going to use those ones.

Worst 3: I have chosen these as the worst ones from here as I feel that the first one doesnt really capture what the marina is actually like and doesnt show much even of the colours within the picture are good. I didnt chose the second picture because the exposure is too dark and you cant tell what is in the picture, I dont like the last one because for me its too bright and the sun effects the whole picture too much, even if I did darken I still feel like it wouldnt be right.

Best 4: I have chosen these 4 photos because I like the colours of the sea and all of the buildings, also the light from the sun making the lighting good overall. I have also chosen these photos because I feel like these are the ones that best show of the marina and the different places within that area. In the last picture I like how the sun is making different colours appear in the photo and how it makes the line really sharp and in focus.

The pier

These are the photos I have taken of the pier from all different angles and distances. Whilst I was at the location I tested out the different camera setting and the different angles I could get of the pier.

Worst 3: I have chosen not to use these ones as I don’t like how bright the sun is and how it is kind of taking over the pictures, it also glares too much I think. The last photo I also don’t like because I feel the angle of the camera isn’t right and isn’t showing that part of the pier of too well. Then the second photo I feel isn’t right because if I wanted to get people in the picture I think it is better to get more the just 2 people, I should try get a crowd of people so it doesn’t just focus on those 2 people.

Best 7: I have chosen to use these 7 photos because I feel these are ones of the best angle to see the pier and the different kind of things you can do whilst on it. I like how some of them have seagulls in the photo as you can then get more of an insight of what Brighton is about. I have also chosen these because the glare from the sun is effective and then creates a good light going onto the pier.

The beach and other objects

These are the photos I have taken of the beach and places around the beach area. For example I have a few photos go the underneath the pier to try and get a good effect from that and a few f the seagulls there.

Worst 3: I have chosen not to use these photos because in the first one I don’t like how bright the sun is and how its making the the picture unclear and not in focus. I don’t like the second one because I don’t like the colours within the photo and I think that it is quite a boring picture because it doesn’t really show much and doesn’t have much detail in it. I’m not using the last picture because again I don’t like the lighting and I feel like the sun is taking over the picture and has too much glare in it.

Best 5: I have chosen to use these photos because I like he lighting in all of them and I feel like they best show of the beach. I like the second photo because I like how the sun is coming through the gaps in the pier but isn’t over powering it and also how the lines are in focus and kind of at the front of the picture.

For this I went out down a countryside lane to test the different settings on the camera and which one looks best and which setting within that is the best to use. Whilst I was taking these photos I was learning more on how to use the camera.

I tested out the exposure and what number is too bright or too dark.

For example these photos were too bright meaning the exposure number is too high making more light get into the lens.

This photo that I took whilst testing the exposure was too dark meaning that the exposure number was too low, letting not enough light into the lens.

From this testing I learnt that the number for the exposure is also linked in with the shutter speed and the ISO so when I’m setting the settings I need to make sure those settings are right as well and not too high but also not too low to make sure I get the right  exposure setting.

In these photos I was testing the shutter speed so see how much light was able to get to the lens or not. In this first photo the shutter speed was too low making too much light get into the lens. I think that this is too bright because the sun in the corner isn’t defined and is very blurry and can’t tell what it is meant to be.

However in this second picture the shutter speed is getting better because the sun is more defined and you can actually tell what it is meant to be. This means that the number for shutter speed is getting higher making less light get into the lens.

In these last two photos I think that the shutter speed and exposure are just right because the sun isn’t too bright to you can’t see the rest of the photo and the overall brightness of the photo is just right.

Research about the functions and settings on the camera, explain each feature, function on the camera. Explain meaning and use of technical terminology. To take these photos i will use either a Nikon P500 or the college camera.

• Focus

Focus is very similar or sharpness, an image that is completely sharp is said to be in focus but an image that is completely blurry is said to be out of focus. Using manual focus is one option to get the focus of something within the photo, however now most cameras have autofocus so they focus the photo themselves.

Peterson, D. (2012). Understanding Focus. Available: http://www.digital-photo-secrets.com/tip/2210/understanding-focus/. Last accessed 3rd January 2019.

The focus on the Nikon P500

When setting  the focus in the manual mode it is only available when it is in j,k,l,M or sports scene. First the p (the focus mode) on the multi selector to get the menu for the focus mode. Then use the selector to choose E and then the k button. To adjust the focus you need to use the multi selector to change the focus whilst looking on the monitor. To focus on far away subjects press the H button but to focus on close subjects press the I button. Once you have done that the the shutter button half way to check the focus is right, then press the button all the way to take the picture. The focus on this camera ranges from 50 cm (1 ft. 8 in.) to infinity and on the macro mode: 1 cm (0.4 in.) to infinity.

manualslib. (2018). Nikon COOLPIX P500 User Manual: Using Manual Focus. Available: https://www.manualslib.com/manual/327543/Nikon-Coolpix-P500.html?page=56. Last accessed 9th January 2019.

• Focal length

This is represented in millimetres and it is the basic description of a photographic lens. Its not a measurement of the actual length of a lens, but its a calculation of a distance from the point where light rays converge to form a sharp image of an object to the digital sensor. It tells you the angle of the view,how much of the scene will be captured. Also the magnification, how large the individual elements will be. The lower the focal length, the narrower he angle of view and the higher the magnification, however the shorter the focal length, the wider the angle of view and the lower the magnification.

Nikon. (2018). Understanding Focal Length. Available: https://www.nikonusa.com/en/learn-and-explore/a/tips-and-techniques/understanding-focal-length.html. Last accessed 3rd January 2019.

Focal length on a Nikon P500

The focal length on this camera is between 22.5–810mm.

• Aperture size

This is the unit of measurement that defines the size of the opening in the lens that can be adjusted to control the amount of light reaching the film or digital sensor. Its measured in F-stop.

Beal, V. (2018). Aperture. Available: https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/aperture.html. Last accessed 3rd January 2019.

Aperture size on a Nikon P500

This mode is the opposite of shutter priority, to activate it you need to turn the mode dial to the A setting. It is a measure of the current width of its opening that lets light in to create the picture. On this camera the widest aperture that is available is f/3.4 and only when the lens is zoomed to its extreme wide-angle setting and so the depth of field is bigger. At the maximum zoom range, the widest aperture available is only f/5.7 where the narrowest is f/8.0. In this example the top photo was taken at f/4.2 (the widest aperture available) however the bottom one was taken at f/8.0 (closed all the way down).

When you have the wider aperture the bamboo plants are blurred because of the depth of field is narrower. However in the bottom image the bamboo plants are in focus and very sharp because the depth of field is bigger at the narrower aperture.

whiteknightpress. (2018). PHOTOGRAPHER’S GUIDE TO THE NIKON COOLPIX P500. Available: http://whiteknightpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Excerpt-from-Nikon-P500-Book.pdf. Last accessed 9th January 2019.

• Shutter speed

The shutter speed is the unit of measurement which determines how long the shutter stays open for as the picture is taken. The slower the speed the longer the exposure time is, the shutter speed and aperture control the total amount of light reaching the sensor.

Beal, V. (2018). shutter speed. Available: https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/aperture.html. Last accessed 3rd January 2019.

Shutter speed on a Nikon P500

The maximum shutter speed is 8 seconds which is good for night photography. The macro performance is good as it allows you to focus on things as close as 3cm away from the object. You can use the vibration reduction when hand-holding the camera and works very well in low-light conditions or when using the telephoto end of the zoom. The backlighting feature on the camera increases the detail in the shadows and highlights but it could increase the noise and loss of fine detail. The same exposure can be created with different combinations of shutter speed and the aperture value, meaning you can freeze or blur motion and control depth of field.

manualslib . (2018). Nikon COOLPIX P500 User Manual: Shutter Speed; Aperture Value. Available: https://www.manualslib.com/manual/327543/Nikon-Coolpix-P500.html?page=84. Last accessed 9th January 2019

• Depth of field

This is the zone of acceptable sharpness in a photo that will appear in focus. In every photo there are certain points where things in front of and behind the subject that will appear in focus.

Wunderlich, B. (2018). Understanding Depth of Field for Beginners.Available: https://digital-photography-school.com/understanding-depth-field-beginners/. Last accessed 3rd January 2019.

• Zoom

Zoom is to make the subject of a photo seam closer than its actual distance from the focal plane of a camera. It can be creating be either optically, using an arrangement of lenses to manipulate the light entering the camera. Or digitally, by cropping an image to make the subject appear closer than it really is.

Carr, D. (2018). Zoom. Available: https://shuttermuse.com/glossary/zoom/. Last accessed 3rd January 2019.

• ISO

ISO stands for International Organization of Standardisation. In digital photography it measure the sensitivity of the image sensor. The lower the number the less sensitive the camera is to light and the finer the grain. Higher numbers means the sensor becomes more sensitive to light which allows you to use the camera in darker situations.

Rowse, D. (2018). ISO Settings in Digital Photography. Available: https://digital-photography-school.com/iso-settings/. Last accessed 3rd January 2019.

• White balance

This is the process of removing unrealistic colour casts, so objects that appear white in person are rendered white in the photo. They have to take into account the “colour temperature” of a light source which refers to the relative warmth or cool ness of white light.

Cambridge in colour . (2018). Tutorials: white balance. Available: https://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/white-balance.htm. Last accessed 3rd January 2019.

White balance on a Nikon P500

Digital cameras try and get the same effect that the human eye can see  through the camera by processing images according to the colour of the light source. For natural coloration choose a white balance setting that can match the light before shooting. Th default setting ‘auto’ can be used under most types of lighting the white balance setting can be suited to a particular light source  to get more accrue results.

manualslib . (2018). Nikon COOLPIX P500 User Manual: Preset Manual.Available: https://www.manualslib.com/manual/327543/Nikon-Coolpix-P500.html?page=105#manual. Last accessed 4th January 2018.

• Exposure

This is the amount of light which gets to the the cameras sensor or film, it determines how light or dark the photo is. There are three settings that affect the exposure of the image, being the shutter speed, aperture and the cameras ISO. If you don’t want to do this on the camera before takin the photo or want to change the exposure after you have taken the photo you can do this on something like photoshop on the computer.

Cox, S. (2018). What is exposure?. Available: https://photographylife.com/what-is-exposure. Last accessed 4th January 2019.

Exposure on a Nikon P500

To set the exposure you will need to change the mode dial to j then put the subject you are shooting in frame, the camera automatically selects one or more of the focus areas containing the subject closest to the camera, when the subject is in focus the lights will be green.  Whilst in this mode, different combinations of shutter speed and aperture value can be selected without changing the exposure by changing the command dial. Rotate the command dial to the right for large apertures when you want to blur background details and fast shutter speeds to get fast moving objects. However if you want to increase the depth of field and for slow shutter speed turn the command dial to the left for small apertures. T cancel the flexible program, rotate the command dial until the mark (A) isn’t seen anymore.

The dial mode:

Professional photographers

• Diane Arbus                                                                          

Diane grew up in New York in a wealthy Jewish family who owned a successful fur company named Russeks. Arbus was born on March 14th 1923 and past away on July 26th 1971. She was the second child of three who all became creatives. Her oldest sibling, Howard, became a Pulitzer prize winning poet, her youngest sibling Renee became an artist. She was helped raised along with her siblings by maids and governesses as her mother struggles with depression meaning she can’t support her children, whilst her dad was busy at work so he couldn’t help support them either. She is an American photographer, she is known for her hand-held black and white images of marginalised people for example, midgets, giants and as well as more normalised subjects like, families, celerities. Her work can be seen as bizarre and fantastical at the same time to some people. Diane Arbus became internationally known for her provocative imagery and is only one of the most unique post-modern photographers even though she is criticised for objectifying her subjects, the power of her images remains. She employed the techniques of photojournalistic photography to represent real life subjects in natural environments, she made sure that that she made the final work uniquely her own as her personal journey was always shown within the imagery she pictured. To start her career she had worked in advertising and fashion photography with her husband Allan Arbus. They both became very successful as they both had photos appearing in magazines such as Vogue. Then in late 1950s she began to focus one her own work and started to study with photographer Lisette Model. As she walked around New York she began to take photos of people she found in the streets, visited hotels, public parks and other locales. These photos were unusual as they had raw quality, but hey did manage to fins their way into the July 1960 issue of Esquire magazine. By the mid-1960s she had become a well-established photographer, taking part in sows at the museum of Modern Art in New York as well as other famous places. Diane was also known for going to great lengths to get the shots she wanted and became friends with many other famous photographers some of which included Richard Alvedon and Walker Evans.

Some of her work include:

Identical twins, in 1967

This is a portrait of 7 year old twin sisters Cathleen and Colleen Wade and is one of Diane’s most recognisable photos. This was taken at a christmas party in New Jersey, and it shows the girls standing uniformly side by side – their height, matching dresses and haircuts characterising them as twins. The different facial expressions of them both show the strong sense of individuality from them both and g=begs the question of whether or not the twins are actually identical, which is why their parents have claimed that this image is the worst likeness of their daughters that they’ve seen.

Another one includes:

A child with toy hand grenade in central park, 1962.

Child with Toy Hand Grenade in Central Park, in 1962.

Colin Wood, the boy in this photo claims that she took the photo at the moment of exasperation. When this was taken his father and mother were going through a divorce, this meant that he felt lonely and was going through a time where he felt abandoned. In his right hand he was holding a toy hand grenade and his left hand was in a position like he was clawing onto something. This was shown also by the cloths he was wearing and the facial expression he was pulling.

Another example of Diane’s work:

A Young Man in Curlers at Home on West 20th Street, in 1966.

Her main interestes lays in gender and identity which is clear in this photo of a man in drag in the stages of getting ready, the image lies in the contrast between feminine and masculine features, for example manly hands, overly plucked eyebrows and a strong jawline under the makeup. The person here appears vulnerable because of where Diane has decided on the setting of the photo, as he isn’t fully transformed and is in between of who he is and who he wants to be in the feature. The look in the eyes shows the determination and self-acceptance when homophobia was rife and was very little acceptance of queer people. When this image was taken there was a lot of shock and outrage at the time by the general public, it was then hung in the Museum of Modern Art in 1967.

The Art Story . (2019). Diane Arbus American Photographer. Available: https://www.theartstory.org/artist-arbus-diane.htm. Last accessed 9th January 2019.

Biography.com Editors. (2014). Diane Arbus Biography. Available: https://www.biography.com/people/diane-arbus-9187461. Last accessed 9th January 2019.

Sleek. (2017 ). Diane Arbus’ Best Photographs . Available: https://www.sleek-mag.com/article/diane-arbus-best-photographs/. Last accessed 9th January 2019.

• Martin Parr                                                                       

Martin Parr was born in Epsom, Surrey in 1952, when he was young he got influenced by his grandfather, George Parr who was a keen amateur photographer as well . Martin wanted to become a documentary photographer from the age of 14 and then from the mid 1970s he began to do professional photography and taught photography intermittently. To help Martin photography, he studied at Manchester Polytechnic between 1970 – 1973. Since he finished studying there he has worked on a lot of photographic projects, for example, he has developed an international reputation for his innovative imagery and he has put input into the photographic culture within the UK and abroad. Martin then showing interest into film making and started to use his photography in different shows for example fashion and advertisement. He is mainly known for his photographic projects that look at aspects of modern life. He first got recognised when he took a photo in black and white in north England of bad weather in 1982 and then a fair day in 1984, he then however switched to colour photography in 1984. Martin has been a member of Magnum Photos since 1994, he has also has over 100 books published, has edited another 30 of his own work and has been featured in nearly 80 exhibitions worldwide for example the Barbican Arts Centre in London. He’s retrospective exhibition had been selected to be the main show of Month of Photography in Singapore in 2007. Then in 2008 he was made an Honorary Doctor of Arts at Manchester Metropolitan University for his contribution to photography.

Martin Parr also got a lot of awards through out his life:

– 1986: 3rd prize european photography awards
– 1995: Wilkins photography prize
– 2003: Photo Espania book prize for “Martin Parr by Val Williams”
– 2005: Honorary FRPS. royal photographic society
– 2006: Eric Solomon award for photojournalism Photokina
– 2006: Moscow house of photography, international photography prize
– 2006: Honorary masters degree, university of creative arts, farnham
– 2007: Krasna kraus book prize for “photobook, a history vol 1&2” with Gerry Badger
– 2008: Photo Espania award for photographic achievement
– 2008: Japanese photographic society, international award for contribution towards promoting japanese photographic book publishing
– 2008: Centenary away, royal photographic society
– 2008: Honorary degree, Manchester metropolitan University
– 2008: Photo Espania lifetime achievement prize
– 2014: Exceptional achievement in photography
– 2014: Lucie award, achievement in documentary photography
– 2016: recognition for significant contribution in the field of visual arts
– 2017: Outstanding contribution to photography prize
– 2018: Pink lady food  photographer of the year, outstanding achievement award

Photo.com. (2018). Martin Parr. Available: https://www.all-about-photo.com/photographers/photographer/38/martin-parr. Last accessed 10th January 2019.

Wikipedia . (2018). Martin Parr . Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Parr. Last accessed 10th January 2019 .

• Lorna Simpson                                                                                

Lorna was born one August 13th 1960 in New York. She is an american photographer who has explored stereotypes of race and gender most often with African American women. Lorna went the the high school of art and design in New York, she first studied painting but then switched to photography before getting a B.F.A in 1982. After she left school she travelled to Europe and Africa where she developed her skills at documentary photography and so she could expand on the limitations of the genre. Whilst she Lorna got a M.FA. in 1985 at the university of California in San Diego she began experimenting with some new ways she could show her ideas in photography to get the viewers attention. Her images were now posed studio shots, characterised by the use of human subjects, usually by African American women who’s faces were hidden or obscured. Her photography was mainly explored the African American women in American culture. By the late 1980s her work was being displayed in solo exhibitions, then in 1990 she became the first African American women to show her work at an international arts festival. After that, by the mid 1990s, her name was closely linked to photo text and she pushed in new directions to avoid what she characterised as a paralysis that could be created by outside expectations.  Then she started turning her attention to video installations but also not forgetting photography. One of her work was Corridor in 2003, which was about 2  African American women – an American Civil War-era runaway slave and a bored mid 20th century housewife – and drew parallels between their lives of isolation. Lorna debuted a different direction at the festival in 2015 where she showed a series of multi-aneled paintings. She showed additional paintings at her galleries in subsequent years as well as sculptures and a series of collages, they showed the representation of African American woman by assembling photographs from vintage Jet and Ebony magazines to create absurd juxtapositions. As well as her awards and honours was a National Endowment for the arts fellowship and the Whitney museum american art award. In 2007 her work was featured in a 20 year retrospective at the whitney museum of art in New York.

Crain, A. (2018). Lorna Simpson, American photographer. Available: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lorna-Simpson. Last accessed 17th January 2019.

Kazanjian, D. (2018). Lorna Simpson, America’s Most Defiant Conceptual Artist, Makes A Radical Change—To Painting. Available: https://www.vogue.com/article/lorna-simpson-vogue-interview-march-2018-issue. Last accessed 17th January 2019.